What factors are linked to family risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

The correct answer relates to the various health conditions that are significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within families. Cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are critical risk factors that often run in families, indicating a strong link between familial health patterns and CVD.

Cholesterol levels, particularly high levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, can lead to the buildup of plaques in arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to heart disease. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can also lead to heart disease by putting strain on the heart and blood vessels. Diabetes increases the risk due to the effects of high blood sugar on blood vessel health, while obesity is often linked to all these conditions, as it can exacerbate cholesterol levels and blood pressure, as well as contribute to the development of diabetes.

The other options include important lifestyle factors, like physical inactivity and dietary habits, as well as socioeconomic factors and biological factors such as age and gender. Although they contribute to the overall risk of CVD, they serve more to contextualize lifestyle influences on health rather than the direct familial health risks identified in the chosen answer. Genetics and environmental exposure also play a role;